Norse Gaels : AD 900 – 945
Most of the Vikings who settled in northern England before 900AD came from Denmark although there were a few who may have come direct from Norway to settle on the Yorkshire coast around Scarborough and Cleveland. A second wave of Vikings came after 900AD, but this time the invaders were mostly Norwegians (though there were also Danes) who had been living in Gaelic speaking Ireland, particularly in the Dublin area and in the Gaelic speaking Scottish islands, including the Hebrides, Shetland and Orkney for nearly a century. These particular Vikings had acquired some aspects of Gaelic culture and language. The Norse Gaels (also called the Hiberno-Norse) would colonise parts of England, most notably the Merseyside area and Cumbria before turning their attentions to south Durham and the Durham coast.
👈 Viking Jorvik | Timeline | Bloodaxe era 👉
903 – Irish evict Norwegians Vikings
Native Irish under the leadership of the King of Leinster have expelled the Norwegians from their great fortress at Dublin. They begin to cross the Irish Sea and settle in Merseyside, particularly the Wirral and also in Cumbria where there settlements may be connected with the Viking settled Scottish islands.
Circa 900 to 910 – Nobles flee the North West
Amongst the nobles escaping the Viking attacks and settlement in the North West are Tilred, Abbot of Heversham in Lancaster and Elfred, son of Brihtwulf, a noble of Westmorland. Both find shelter with the Community of St Cuthbert in Durham to the east of the Pennines. Tilred will become Bishop of Chester-le-Street, Elfred will later lose his life in battle at Corbridge.
Circa 905 – Vikings dump hoard near Preston
A huge hoard of some 1,600 Viking items are dumped on the river bank at Cuerdale near Preston in the North West. Preston’s River Ribble is part of a Viking trade route between Dublin and York. The impressive hoard will not be rediscovered until 1840
911 – Normans are French Vikings
Vikings are settling in northern France where these northern European settlers will come to be known as Normans (‘North men’).
913 – Earl of Northumberland
Eadwulf, the Anglo-Saxon Earl (Ealdorman or ‘High Reeve’) of Bamburgh who ruled Bernicia, the land north of the Tees, has died.
914 – Irish Norwegians regain Dublin
Exiled Irish-Norwegians in Lancashire and Cumbria recapture Dublin under Sihtric.
914 – Norsemen invade the North East
Irish-Vikings under King Ragnald attack the North-East with the help of the Yorkshire Danes. The Bernicians fight in alliance with the Scots and defeat the Vikings at Corbridge.
918 – Battle at Corbridge
Ragnald defeats a joint army of Northumbrians, Danes and Franks in a second battle at Corbridge. The Danes no longer support Ragnald.
918 – North ruled from Dublin
Ragnald has seized York and established Irish-Viking control in Yorkshire. York will now be ruled as a client kingdom of the great Norwegian stronghold of Dublin.
918 – Scula and Olaf Ball settle Durham coast
Land in south and east Durham has been seized by Ragnald and given to his army leaders Scula and Olaf Ball who share it out among their Norse-Gael followers. The land includes some of the best farmland belonging to the Bishop of Chester-le-Street but the bishop doesn’t have the resources to challenge them. Scula gets land in the south including Billingham and perhaps School Aycliffe (Scula Aycliffe). Olaf Ball receives the coastal land from Eden to the mouth of the River Wear. Eden (Castle Eden) marks the boundary between the lands of Scula and those of Olaf Ball.
921 – Sihtric becomes Bishop of York
Ragnald has been succeeded by his cousin Sihtric as King of York.
924 – Edward the Elder dies
Edward the Elder, King of Wessex, has died. He is regarded by the Viking rulers of the north as their superior and now Sihtric of Yorkacknowledges Edward’s successor, King Æthelstan , as the ‘over-king’ of England.
927 – King Guthfrith
Sihtric, King of York dies and is succeeded by Guthfrith, a Dublin Norwegian.
July 12, 927 – Æthelstan meets Northern kings
King Æthelstan of Wessex meets the kings of Strathclyde and Scotland at Eamont Bridge in Cumbria. The kings acknowledge Æthelstan’s superiority. Ealdred, the Ealdorman or High Reeve of Bamburgh, who rules the territory of the North-East north of the Tees, also gives his support. No Viking kings are present.
927 – King of York expelled
King Æthelstan captures York and Guthfrith, the Viking king, is expelled.
934 – King of England visits Chester-le-Street
Æthelstan of Wessex, now considered the first King of the English, has visited the shrine of St Cuthbert at Chester-le-Street and bestowed many great gifts. The gifts include a work by Bede entitled the Life of St Cuthbert which depicts Æthelstan on the cover. He also gives Bishopwearmouth, and its extensive lands south of the Wear, to the Bishop of Chester-le-Street. It was likely part of the land taken by the Irish-Vikings in 918.
934 – Æthelstan attacks Scotland
Æthelstan has severely ravaged Scotland to enforce his superiority in the north.
934 – King grants Ripon sanctuary
Æthelstan has granted rights of sanctuary to the monastery at Ripon.
Oct 27, 937 – Æthelstan defeats Norse-Gaels
Vikings from Dublin assisted by the Scots have been heavily defeated by King Æthelstan in a bloody battle somewhere in the North West. Æthelstan has destroyed the Danish fortress at York in order to completely suppress any further Viking rebellions.
Oct 27, 939 – Edmund King of England
Æthelstan , King of Wessex and England, has died at Gloucester. He has been succeeded by his 18-year-old brother Edmund.
939 – Dublin Viking is King of York
Olaf Guthfrithson of Dublin, the son of Guthfrith, has become King of York after the people of Yorkshire rejected the claims of young Edmund.
942 – Blacair King of Dublin and York
Blacair Guthfrithson has become the new Viking King of York and Dublin following the death of his brother Olaf.
944 – Edmund takes York
Edmund, King of England, has seized York.
945 – Cumbria ceded to the Scots
Strathclyde and Cumbria are ceded to Malcolm, King of the Scots, by Edmund. The area once formed part of the kingdom of Northumbria but it has been extensively settled by Scots over the past 30 years.
👈 Viking Jorvik | Eric Bloodaxe era 👉
